I'm starting a stormlight reread and an just going to include my ideas/theories as to what each of the death rattles may be talking about.
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"The love of men is a frigid thing, a mountain stream only three steps from the ice. We are his. Oh Stormfather . . . we are his. It is but a thousand days, and the Everstorm comes."
The second half obviously refers to the Everstorm. As for the first half, my guess is that 'his' is referring to Odium. Not sure what love has to do with it, but love is an emotion usually tied to passion, so maybe that's what it is?
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"You've killed me. Bastards, you've killed me! While the sun is still hot, I die!"
This could be referring to many different people. I wonder if the reference to the sun is of importance at all, and it is more of a spiritual death which would make me think that this is a shard or something similar speaking.
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"Ten orders. We were loved, once. Why have you forsaken us, Almighty! Shard of my soul, where have you gone!"
Okay, so I think that this is a radiant speaking, and my guess is that the Shard of his soul is likely a spren that the radiant used to be bonded to, but either died or left. Also, assuming this is talking about the future, something probably happens again that make it so that the general public no longer revere the radiants.
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"A man stood on a cliffside and watched his homeland fall into dust. The waters surged beneath, so far beneath. And he heard a child crying. They were his own tears."
I mean, this could be like Dalinar o Kaladin. But this really makes me think of Taravangian. Like he totally seems like someone who would let his homeland be destroyed for the greater good but still mourn for the evil he was doing. I'm not sure how much being Todium will change that though.
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I'll keep adding to this as I read more.