1,2,3, 4. Scadrial's magnetic pole was decoupled from its geopgraphic pole when TLR moved the Well. It is now at Luthadel, which is probably around European lattitudes.
5. I have no idea.
6. I suspect it was that Elend could brace himself because he knew what to expect, while the Inquisitor got slammed with double or triple the expected force.
7-10. Someone else has given the same answer as I would here.