Would Eshonai have killed Dalinar? She wanted to beat him into submission to talk to him? Without Kaladin there, she would try to hash things out with him..she was in the middle of the attempt when Kaladin showed up. If she did talk, and they did agree to a truce, it would be a very different sort of return to the warcamps, but it would change a LOT, down the line. I think the Everstorm was inevitable, but it seems to me that without the majority of Listeners to participate in the summoning (which would seem highly likely in this very strange timeline), it wouldn't have been possible to summon it that night. I don't really have a guess as to how much delay that would produce though?
If Dalinar lived, then I would think that there would be a larger force heading to Elethkar, to retake the capital. Dalinar would be torn between staying and overseeing the peace process. And if the delay to the Everstorm was even by weeks, it would allow for an expedited trip to Urithiru with the guidance of the Listeners. If the timeline I'm describing happened, then Elhokar definitely lives because Dalinar would just take Kaladin as a soldier (probably with some pushback from Jasnah, but I doubt she'd feel the need of protection with her and Shallan being a KRs) and he'd send Kaladin with Elhokar and Co, but in this timeline..Moash was never trained.
If Dalinar didn't live, would Elhokar even go? He wouldn't have Dalinar around to be actively jealous of. Though, let it be said that if anyone could be jealous of a ghost, it would be Elhokar Kholin..so maybe to both going and surviving.
Beyond that, if Dalinar (and maybe Adolin) survived the Battle of the Tower..forming the coalition would be a breeze without Taravangian's meddling. Odium would be on the backfoot in the immediate, and would probably be making some longer term plans. But as you said, all of that is extreme conjecture that would require some serious access to Fortune..or a very thick set of notebooks labeled "Brandon's Various Musings on Roshar." And, as you said, If Dalinar is gone, every thing is exponentially harder for the allied forces.