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We've never observed wave interference with pulses, or anything else, so I don't think allomantic effects behave like waves. Specifically, if the emotional metals acted like waves one would expect aberrant behavior when two people soothe/riot the same person simultaneously without careful coordination, and that occasionally happens and combines the effects without incident. What would actually happen is a pretty good question, though. I think there's some basis for the pulse pattern in the mechanics of investiture detection that causes them to percieve beats instead of either simply knowing the information or perceiving it like iron lines. Even if it's not a wave, the generating function might be periodic, in which case the bubbles would probably distort the frequency. If they were actual waves, then passing through the bubble would also wildly distort their path much like how light produces a wavering effect. The temporal metal itself might feel exactly the same regardless, since after all it is messing with time already and might mess with it a bit more to fix things or project the pulses from the bubble, but other metals burned inside could be distorted. Having no metals get distorted in any way would be extremely odd; at a minimum even if the actual output is continuous it should influence the perceived burn rate. The only explanation I could think of in that case is that bronze automatically compensates for the effect of temporal distortion on pulses.

Electrum generated a shadow cloud in the first fight in Hero Of Ages, and it is fairly unlikely the Inquisitor was burning Atium. Elend didn't think he was, so the shadow cloud isn't a litmus test for the presence of an Atium burner. I once made a thread about Cosmere precognition. Essentially, my conclusion is that electrum inherently produces a shadow cloud for the same reason Atium might: it recursively predicts the future and incorporates your reaction to what you see. This iterates until either you see a future you like, every possible action you can take, or too many shadows to provide useful information. Atium doesn't show yourself and only looks a short distance ahead, so unless someone is specifically letting their action depend on yours or there's a feedback loop between two future sight sources it generally won't have a cloud, while electrum gets a cloud in any situation where it could possibly be helpful, i.e. any time knowing the outcome of an action would cause you to take a different action.

I don't think we have any reliable confirmation that those books were destroyed by the Hierocracy instead of being lost when Sunmaker overthrew them.

Well, obviously if gems could be Soulcast at a profit, which seems like it would otherwise be plausible in light of what we see done, Roshar could create an unbounded number of gems, potentially allowing them to capture effectively unlimited Stormlight and create a post-scarcity economy where everyone gets everything they want. Out-of-universe, it's pretty difficult to tell a recognizable story in such a setting. In-universe, the explaination is probably that the Stormlight has to come from one or more Shards, and letting the gemstone supply get out of hand could drain them badly enough for the other Shards to kill them. So they locked out making gems with Soulcasting. I think the lockout actually implies that the gems are actually ordinary aside from the nature of their creation, since otherwise I don't see why people couldn't Soulcast gems that wouldn't hold a charge. If it's a simple hard lock you could probably make the components and then synthesize a gem with that, but that's a fairly difficult process Roshar probably can't manage at the moment. I guess hypothetically you could sequentially Soulcast separate components into place, but instead of focusing on the whole object changing into what you want you'd have to place something like 10^20 impurities in the correct place to get a kilogram of ruby. That's not happening. Not being able to mine gems, combined with the extinction of other Greatshell types, would have caused deflation prior to the hunting of Chasmfiends. No one comments on this happening, but then again our viewpoint characters aren't economists and mostly can't read, and the prior major extinction was performed by Dalinar and friends, so they might not have noticed before the Chasmfiends were found.

Yes, but tying it to a historical event that we know of means that they arise from a change and therefore have a higher chance of being the wrong way of doing things. Though actually, come to think of it, given Vorinism's insistence on people following their Callings, it's quite possible both systems were wrong. Ardents are supposed to learn and teach while Brightlords are supposed to lead, and they probaby shouldn't be meddling in the other group's area of responsibility in either direction.

Man, I need to get into 3-d modeling.

Running theory is that either they or Sunmaker (the guy who overthrew them) were backed by Odium. Either they got real visions from Honor and Odium decided to bring them down or they worked for Odium and falsified visions. Also, the fall of the Hierocracy caused one very important feature of Vorin society beyond distrust of visions: it made the Ardents religiously subordinate to the Brightlords. Dalinar's personal Ardent does not believe he is recieving visions from the Almighty but is not permitted to actually say so because it is not his place to question his lord on religious matters. The resultant implications are subtle but huge. First, it means that a faithful Ardent with a corrupt Brightlord can't rally the people against him, which could be very problematic if Odium sways some of them to his side, but by the same token it's a good thing if the situation is reversed. In Alethkar, Dalinar seems to be rising into power and so it's a good thing. However, another effect means it might not be good overall. Ardents are supposed to obey their superiors in all matters, and different Ardents are ultimately subordinate to different kings. Therefore, there is not actually a unified Vorin church. Sure, Ardents in Alethkar and Jah Keved might preach the same things, but when it comes to commenting on current events they're specifically required to back different people. This means, in turn, that Vorinism cannot command the same level of authority as the Medieval Catholic Church, because they aren't a cohesive multinational organization, and furthermore they can't even try appealing to the faithful to rise up, because doing so would be heretical. Also, the Ardents are kind of unhappy about being basically slaves to powerful warlords who frequently could not care less about religious matters and believe Voidbringers are metaphorical, and Kasbal's rant implies that this is the motivation for the Ghostbloods. Incidentally, there's plenty of historical precedent for kings claiming supreme spiritual authority, with priests permitted to advise but not command on religious matters. Since the kings would generally appoint the priests, they unsurprisingly usually got their way. Catholicism had a lot of messy fights about that before the popes eventually won.;

Not terribly much to be done, bullet-wise, for sliders. If the bubble is up before the bullet is inside, they can just dodge anything. The only suggestion I can think of, and it's both unreliable and begging for an accident, is to have a double-fire on a delay, so if they count on the field to distort the flight path of the bullet instead of dodging and then drop the bubble the second shot will hit before they raise a new one. Though you could also try using canister rounds or birdshot in shotguns so that when the bullets hit the bubble and go everywhere it's fairly likely at least some of them will go at the slider. If you're using a pistol, I'd say the best bet is getting highly penetrating rounds so you can shoot at them again after the bubble drops even if they dive behind something sturdy. I don't think you need anything special for Oracles. They basically look at their own Atium shadow cloud, and shadow clouds are notably unhelpful to Atium burners. Steelrunners and Sparkers are both basically the same sort of problem, in that they have the capacity to not be where you're aiming. Thus, you want a bullet that can kill people where you aren't aiming. Actually, you probably want a contact-detonated grenade, although a steelruner could still dodge that. Skimmers are not more durable than ordinary people and can just be shot. For spinners, you want to remove chance as a factor. So the bullet should have a highly predictable flight pattern and absolutely no extra frills. Or you could go for something with a "hard-kill" radius: everyone close enough to the center and not in heavy cover definitely dies. For bloodmakers, I think the incendiary bullet is a plan with something of a future. Contact toxins might also work. Yes, bloodmakers can heal, but the point is to keep hurting them so they have to keep regenerating until they eventually run out. Alternately, just do a lot of damage to them at once; Miles recovered from blowing himself up but non-compounders probably couldn't.

Well, if they used Worldhopping instead of spaceships, they'd be able to evacuate without necessarily taking much of anything, particularly if their first sign of trouble was when the stars expanded and they had only minutes to evacuate before the seas began to boil. Even if they did have spaceships, a hasty evacuation might not have lent itself to preserving technology. There's a lot of steps in converting raw materials into finished goods, and if they grabbed stuff and ran instead of preparing a proper self-sufficient colonization vessel (which, assuming they had FTL, they might have literally never done before) most of the mining equipment and manufacturing gear probably didn't make the jump and duplicating it onsite would require other complex machinery that they didn't bring, and even if they had the time, forethought, and lift capacity to actually bring an entire industrial base along with the evacuees, the equipment could have been junked by solar flares or other problems in transit. Either way, anything they brought would have eventually broken down or run out of power, and there would be no replacements.

We didn't see much of the fight between him and Steelheart, but it seems reasonable to assume he got punched if there were any possibility of living matter being able to bypass an Epic's shield, since Steelheart isn't exactly stupid. If he actually managed to avoid fisticuffs with Steelheart until the end, then he'd be able to do the same to normal humans. Even assuming the shield is kinetic-energy triggered, attacks below the threshold without a non-kinetic source of damage probably couldn't overcome his healing

Note that since Scadrial's atmospheric composition makes the light from its sun appear red instead of resulting from the actual color of the sun, it would not look red from Roshar, which has a different atmospheric composition.

Probably just a waste of energy. Once the Shards are totaled the world is largely out of the fight. It wouldn't take much of his power to destroy the solar systems completely, but as the whole multilayered gambit on Scadrial indicates relatively small differences in power compared to the total can decide fights between Shards. I expect he might swing back around and finish them off if he succeeds in killing all of the Shards.

Elantris also has no reference to red stars of any form. However, one of the unpublished books is set in Roshar's solar system, so it presumably also has Taln's Scar present in some form.

He can make weapons out of the floor, and his shield helped protect him going one-on-one with Steelheart. I don't think unarmed combat by ordinary humans has a future against him.

I don't think metals that pierce the body but are not in the stomach would be available for burning, so it would not be affected by aluminum. If her earring would be burnable if it weren't a spike, people would almost certainly have commented on her inability to do so and Allomancers would probably wear earrings instead of swallowing metals because that way they don't have to worry about metal toxicity or ruining excess metal via digestion. Also, Vin's beads after the revolution came from the bracers and burned just fine with no odd effects. Quite possibly the spike's effects were destroyed at some point in the process, or the bracers contained several distinct materials that had been twisted or welded together and the Atium didn't carry a charge. Yes; a quarter of the normal metal types steal Feruchemical abilities.

Red Stars, plural. So probably not planets, because they wouldn't tend to remain together from the perspective of Roshar unless there are some seriously funky orbital mechanics at play. Either they're really far away or they're orbiting Roshar. Or they're maneuvering under power, but since it's an identified constellation and people aren't freaking out about it they must have been around a while. Since red stars are relatively dim, they must be rather close to Roshar and thus are probably actually fairly cohesive where most constellations are often not close together even in astronomical terms because human eyes are not capable of percieving depth at interstellar distances. Hm, maybe when Roshar's inhabitants were in the Tranquline Halls they were a spacefaring or worldhopping civilization and Odium caused their stars to deteriorate to the Red Giant phase and drag in or melt planets in the former liquid-water zone, forcing them to evacuate to Roshar on the edge of their empire. Roshar is at least mildly familar with Shadesmar, which could be a remnant of large-scale worldhopping. Or the stars could be leftover from the Shattering, which would square with Roshar being somewhere Adonalsium visited before or during the Shattering. Now, both of those assume that distances in Shadesmar are roughly proportional to distances in the Physical realm, but I'm willing to believe that if a point in the Physical is between two other points, then the same relative arrangement holds in Shadesmar, so the closest habitable planet would probably remain the closest in Shadesmar if the ratio of space occupied by vacuum in the Physical to space in the Cognative remains consistant for all vacuum. As for why the other stars are white, there do not appear to be many red stars because they're pretty dim and cannot be seen unaided.

42. Maybe, but his paranoia seems to predate meeting Kaladin, so if he's really seeing Spren with his missing eye it's not exclusively Syl. 43. The money. 44. Considering that hair and fingernails are made of the same material in humans and bones are made of other materials, probably not.

Speaking as a Blizzard and Valve fan, I consider delayed and infrequent releases a mark of competence and quality. Really beats being one of the publishers who would release the game right now in its present state.

I honestly have no idea why people have a problem with 7-9. They're pretty solid and not exactly light on the action. Now, Crossroads of Twilight was kind of bad, since it is where the whole massive cast of characters finally comes to be a problem because the book basically goes around getting their responses to the events of Winter's Heart and setting up their next plot points, with the result that very little is actually accomplished. The pace picks back up afterwards, though. I can't really recommend you skip it, because the stuff that gets exposited on and set up matters quite a bit.

This is a common misconception. The dielectric heating effect used by microwave ovens is not confined to the frequencies used in those. It exploits the tendency of polar water molecules to align with electromagnetic fields by producing a rapidly alternating one, causing the molecules to vibrate and generate heat. Anyone capable of generating the higher-frequency bands would be able to do it as well.

Could be that UV striking his cloak weakens and disperses it but doesn't completely negate it and he channeled most of his power into the shroud. As for his deal with Steelheart, I think it was a decoy of sorts. Epics put a lot of work into hiding their weaknesses, after all. If Nightwielder had been on his own it would have occurred to someone that the guy with darkness powers was putting a lot of effort into avoiding sunlight and there was probably a connection. By making a deal with Steelheart, he made it seem like the shroud was Steelheart cowing the populace by blotting out the Sun. So he could simultaneously avoid his weakness and keep people from noticing. The picture would be from before Steelheart decided it was dramatically appropriate to raise the shroud.

They'd been able to fake the powers being technology before, so I expect that it isn't range-limited. Probably now that the secret is out they decided to confine the powers to people he is in contact with so that if he needs to draw it back in they don't cut out without warning. As for Conflux getting sent with the army, a couple possibilities exist. Either his powers are range-limited, which is plausible even if Prof's aren't because Epic powers are incredibly varied, or he wasn't just there for gifting. Newcago's heavy tanks might be so energy-hungry that they can't be powered by gifted crewmen, and Conflux was present to charge those high-density power cells like in the power station. Apparently that incident caused blackouts but there is no indication that Enforcement gear stopped working, which would fit with him gifting powers from a distance but charging the tank/power grid cells in person.

I believe that his precog can't provide non-local information, only what he's going to see. I say this because it didn't tell him that the Reckoners had arranged to kill him. He couldn't anticipate Megan's direct actions, but the other Reckoners wouldn't be concealed. I don't know exactly how not being able to predict the actions of someone he was attracted to manifests, but unless the information he gets is relatively constrained he could infer their actions from changes to the actions of others. And it doesn't shield others in the area because he isn't susceptible to sniping while walking around with multiple attractive ladies on his arms. While the Reckoners might not have known if he was, Epics in general seem really paranoid about their weaknesses. Despite his superiority complex, I don't think he'd make a habit of walking around in prime sniper territory with his powers negated. So I don't think a choice-focused precognition limit would explain why explosives don't work but the successful plan did. Plus, people make decisions with enough frequency that precog which cannot anticipate them wouldn't be terribly effective. I actually think you're correct about the timing; I just think the cause is elsewhere. The key point is that Megan shot him only because he dodged Davis. If he had not dodged because of his precog she would not have shot him. My theory is that his power is not recursive; it predicts the future if he didn't use information from the future. This was an unusual situation because his own action made his death inevitable; in almost any other circumstance his actions would leave him able to react to the updated future. So if you set up a bombing on the route he's going to take he'd see himself going directly into the trap and dying. Then he would opt to take another route and become able to anticipate attacks on that route. This way only effects of his decisions are privileged but he only sees a single future instead of trying to keep a billion different ones straight. Him foreseeing the effects of his own actions would become infinitely recursive and render itself useless. Plus, the gunshots weren't the only thing he failed to anticipate. He moved into a location where Davis could force him to dodge into an untenable situation, which would be a pretty stupid thing to do on purpose. In most cases, he'd get a couple seconds of warning, plenty to avoid bullets. I'm apparently the forum guy for saturation by explosives, but enough to handle his power would require setting up in advance, so he'd see the future where he walked into the trap and died before entering it. I guess a really complicated deception play might work, where you set up a trap, he forsees the trap and avoids it, and that sends him into another trap, but that would be so hard to set up you'd basically need a better precog. For actually planning a checkmate, you want a reactive method of forcing him into a no-win situation. Then you set up a completely separate kill method, preferably one to bait him into entering the area and dodging instead of avoiding it. Snipers might be perfect. Then tell everyone to force him into a no-win situation only once the snipers miss. He won't forsee it being used until after getting shot at. Thing is, even once you lure him into the trap you need something that he cannot avoid with several seconds of warning.

On the other hand, unlike everything else we see in the book, it's not a substance that actually exists on earth.

5. We really don't know. Smart money says nothing good, likely related to Voidbinding. 6. She went off to get something to cheer him up. I doubt she was deliberately testing him. 7. Language is from elsewhere. I believe it means something like "We are all crazy idiots" from context and the word I recognize.