Treamayne

Unlikely that Rosharan Artefabrians are aware of Alloy percentages on how that degrades effectiveness. Roshar is way behind on sciences like Metallurgy - because they have soul casting and don't have much use for the non-magical solution, or the information that knowledge provides. They may get there eventually - and worldhoppers with access to both planets became very interested in these questions after Navani's lecture. WoBs (not directly applicable, but implies this answer):
Hope that helps

It appears to be a type of Nahel Bond, or at least adjacent to the Nahel Bond the Radiant already has. We saw the windspren that would eventually become Kaladin's plate respond to his Commands as early as Oathbringer Part 1 (When the windspren shielded the fleeing prisoners from the highstorm winds) - so we know that Radiants begin attracting Plate sprean at least by the Third Oath (Also likely why Nomad has both Windpren and Flamespren in his Shardplate).
Unfortunately we don't have a definitive answer yet. The only non-RAFO WoB I could find on this is:
But that was also dead plate, not living plate - so it's still a partial answer. 
Hope that helps

The release right now is just for the Kickstarter Backers. Backerkit is just delivering the Kickstarter product. 
There will be a Commercial release later (not sure if that date has been set), then it will be available. Likely in many places (anywhere Brotherwise games are sold). 
You can still read adn/or engage in Conversation. All Cosmere RPG chatter should be here:
Hope that helps

We don't have enough information yet - but the implication from the Omnibus is that the microflora is symbiotic to the sand (it could grow and spread on darksider sand, but not on other rock materials). Also, Aether Spores use a Luhel Bond as well, so I would expect that trying to bond both silumtaneously would create interference patters, or even just block each other (much like sand ribbons cancelling each other). 
Hope that helps.

Welcome to the Shard. Please consider an Intro Post to let us know what you have or have-not read (whichever list is shorter). Also, please consider checking out the Sharder FAQ for some useful forum info and tips. 
Their Sapience is not contained in their Blessing. Their Blessing contains the ability for which it is named. Mistwraiths were the world's feruchemists at the time that Rashek took the Well. He changed every living Feruchemist into a Mistwraith - then but a Block on their Cognitive Identity. The Blessing's other feature is to bypass that block (it has to do with why Kandra Spikes are different and could not use Inquisitor or Koloss Spikes instead - though we do not yet know what the difference is, precisely).
Mistwraiths and Kandra are naturally Sapient species artificially handicapped until the Blessings allow them to become complete.
WoBs: 
They would have a Cognitive Shadow like any other person. 
Hope that helps

We do not know the eleven other Aethers either - the only confirmed Aethers are:
Crimson Zephyr Verdant Sunlight Midnight Roseite The remaining Aether (and spores) do not connect directly 1:1 with Roshar's Ten essences - both are based on the same realmatic principals, but distinguish things differently.
WoBs:
 
Aether of Night Spoilers(ish)
Hope that helps

Please see The Unpublished Content List for details on what, where and how.
As for Aether of Night, Way of Kings Prime and Dragonsteel Prime - There's no real recommended reading order other than, possibly what to not read them before.
AoN: Elements of the story were reused (and changed) in Mistborn Era 1, so I would recommend it not be read before Mistborn Aethers here are very different than Tress or TLM - so maybe not before Tress either. WoK Prime obviously has a lot of elements from Stormlight Archive and I would not recommend somebody read this before Oathbringer(ish) Cognitive Dissonance is a thing and anybody reading this should be warned that many characters are very different - if you are the kind of person that would get these details muddled, it's probably better to skip this Dragonsteel Prime was not available until recently, because it was close enough to canon and could have spoilers for a few things, so probably not recommended before Rhythm of War An element of DS!Prime was used in WaT - so it may be beneficial to have read this before WaT to get more "Oomph" from that reference - but absolutely not required at all. Many elements of DS!Prime were recycled and changed for Stormlight Archive, so expect to see areas and names you recognize (but done very differently) Hope that helps

Welcome to the Shard. Please consider an Intro Post to share what you have or have-not read where people will find it (Proflie "about me" works too). Also, please consider checking out the Sharder FAQ for some useful forum info and tips.
My Primary Reference indicates what books hold spoilers for other books (and explains my theory of "no correct reading order - the best reading order is giving enough information for each person to make an informed decision on their preferences).
I have an ePub Cosmere Guide I share that also has this information as well as Sanderson's Laws of Magic essays.
Here are also a few more links to similar threads:
Cosmere References post/index Cosmere connection search Other Reading order post With links to more post, but discusses pros and cons of various preferences.  Hope that helps @Obeythelaw7 as well

Welcome to the Shard. Thank you for your Intro Post to let us know what you have read.
Your friend deceived you (likely it was unintentional) as elements of White Sand connect to Roshar, Lumar (Aethers), and Scadrial - not to mention every Ars Arcanum for every Cosmere novel. Consider checking out this thread on the various ways to enjoy White Sand. Also, please consider checking out the Sharder FAQ for some useful forum info and tips, including searching both Coppermind and Arcanum. 
This is likely the wrong forum for this post. Q&A is for questions with discrete answers to make it easy for new readers to find a specific answer to specific questions, while limiting Spoilers. Theories and discussion belong in the Discussion Boards - Spoiler Zone for any new works still in their spoiler period, or Cosmere Discussion / Non-Cosmere Discussion, as appropriate. Within Cosmere Discussion, please use a specific board for single book/series content - or use Cosmere Discussion Forum for any posts involving two or more Shardworlds/Series.
You seem to be under the impression that Brandon views a Node as a "smallest unit," and I do not think that is the case at all. I beleive his use of "node" is more in the engineering/axial sense (see below) where, if each person's spiritweb is the "node" then the lines of connection are what ray out to other people, places, things, concepts. That does not preclude the spiritweb itself as being more complex inside the "node" (as it will need to be made up of sDNA, Ideal Self, spiritual characteristics like Spiritual Age, etc.)
We obviously don't really know how all of this will come together, because he has RAFOed most Spiritweb discussion for Eras 3 and 4, as the various Shardworlds start applying the Scientific Method, and come to understand Realmatics better.
Hope that helps.
WoBs:
 

Distance. If you recall in Book 1 (TFE) Ch 6, Vin's steellines are falling away as she walks down the street. If a nail 50m away is too far for her to push against, how would she be able to push against a planetary core ~3000km away? But there is also the matter of Perception. Do the characters (in Era 1 or 2) even know that the planet's core is/could be metallic? Would they consider it to be something against which they could push/pull?
Hope that helps

The only WoB on the topic is not specific to this kata, but still applies. 
There are many IRL katas similar to most of the descriptions from both Kal's spear practice, and Zahel's kata (as seen by Adolin, Azure and Kaladin). 
Hope that helps

Your assessment is correct. WaT Spoilers:
Hope that helps

Sorry. I guess I skipped the fundamentals. IRL we have matter and energy that are really the same thing in different forms and can be converted into one another. The Cosmere adds a third axis to this model - Investiture. After the Shattering, all investiture in the Cosmere aligned to one of the 16 Shards. All magic is powered by investiture in some way.
So, when we say Metal is a Key, we mean that when an Allomancer burns a metal, the "key" is opening a micro-path to the Spiritual Realm (where the bulk of all investiture resides - Dor Excluded) and Preservation's Investiture entering the physical realm takes the form of the effect defined by the "key." When a Feruchemist stores Strength in a Pewtermind, they are draining an attribute from their body and converting it into investiture, then storing that investiture into the PewterMind. When they later Tap the storage, they are converting the stored investiture back into physical strength.
So, the example I gave for the Dor is just an Allomancer skipping a step. Instead of Burning a metal to make a path for Investiture to enter the Physical Realm and do "work" (the effect of the metal) - they have investiture already in the physical realm and simply apply it to themselves and use it to create an effect. It only works with Intent (they have to know they can do it, and how it works) and only could work with a source of investiture that is either of-Preservation (Mists) or Unkeyed (An allomancer would not be able to burn Dor on Sel (Elantris planet) that has not been unkeyed from the Dor in Sel's Cognitive Realm - which is the process Ghostbloods used to get Liquid Dor they could bring to Scadrial).
WoBs:
Hope that helps.

Soulstamps generally would not work like this. WoBs:
Generally speaking, when using Stamps for investiture related effects, you need as much (or more) investiture tofuel the stamp as the effect you are making would use' but Forgery is an inherently low-investiture art, so it needs outside sources of Investiture to pull something like this off (like in TLM). 
Hope that helps

Yes. Technically. Also depends on dead blades vs live blades. 
WoBs:
Hope that helps

Just like Kaladin's scar, it depends on the circumstances and the person's self-perception. WoBs:
So, for example, a Congential Disease might not be healed because it is a part of the person, but their perception would still play a part. Cancer from Lightweaving microwave radiation? If you think that is a side effect that should happen, then maybe it won't heal. Things like that. . . 

It is a Culture thing. Though we have not yet had the origin of the practice revealed yet. 
Definitely before the Ice Death (BoM Epilogue):
 
We have not yet had a Malwish viewpoint to learn more, so we only have Allik's quotes and Marasi's suppositions. BoM Ch 30:
While she may think they have a 'Political cause' the original cause may be something else, and the politics of calculated reactions may just be a cultural adaptation after-the-fact. 

I don't think that's how it works. It's more like:
Spiritual: I am a human.
Cognitive: I view myself as this kind of human.
Spiritual: I am this kind of human.
 - or - 
Spiritual: I am a human.
Cognitive: I view myself as <something other than human>.
<Inject investiture to alter spiritweb> (quantity based on type/kind/qty of change)
Spiritual: I am <something other than human>.
That's why Forgery can change some things, but cannot change other things without outside investiture (because the amount inherent to Forgery is too small for amny changes)
So, yes, there is a plausibility range to what can be affected. There are also other factors (such as Returned, being Cognitive Shadows, can more easily change some things than a normal person) - but that plausibility range is also affected by how invested the person/soul is (e. g. Yumi in Painter's body - her Spiritweb was so massively invested that it just overwrote his body while she inhabited it). 

Welcome to the Shard.
Most of Honor is still in the Spiritual Realm. When Odium pushed Devotion and Dominion into the Cognitive (resulting in the Dor) he was trying (the hard way) to prevent the Shards from gaining Sapience on their own without a Vessel. It was a huge mistake, and he learned his lesson and found a better way with Honor. 
WoBs:
Don't forget, if Honor's Investiture were not in the spiritual realm, then Dalinar's perpendicularities could not recharge spheres. . . 
Not "everything else" - Stormfather is the largest Sapiant splinter on Honor's Invesititure, not the bulk of all of Shard of Honor.

Congrats. I'm guessing iit was the AU Sixth? You're in for a treat if you ever get to read the Shadows Beneath versions (if you like that kind of thing, of course - explained at the bottom of the linked post).
I would guess there may be a fundamental realmatic similarity, but no. The Smoke coming from Amaram was due to the Unmade that he'd bonded - Yelig-Nar. The black smoke is indicative of consumed/corrupted investiture, not just Nightblood (please see below) We don't have that answer yet (please see below) We don't know how big "Hell" is, only that it is smaller than their original continent that has been abandoned to the Evil. We don't know how many species exist natively, or may be created by raising a "mainland" bird on the isles. (please see below) Patji is an Avatar of Autonomy, though it is implied that the Shardpool on Patji's island existed before Autonomy began cultivating Patji as an Avatar and may not be a Shardpool of Autonomy.(please see below) Taln was taken to Thaylen City by Amaram, since he has been hiding the Herald since the end of WoR.  WoBs and References:
Hope that helps.

The Atium Shadows (and Gold, Electrum, Malatium Shadows) aren't anything physical that depend on your eyes to "see" - the investiture is giving you information from the Spiritual Realm (where there is no time or place) and Allomancers interpret that as visual cues (but note, they do not have to "see" an Atium Shadow to react to it):
TFE Ch 14:
HoA Ch 81:
WoB:
Hope that helps

It's worth noting that even before HoA, while Keepers were generally more connected to Preservation, he already had enough of a connection to Ruin to defy orders and help topple a thousand-year empire. So, to me, his connection was there already but the events of HoA was him learning to make peace with that side of himself.
 

BLUF: AonDor needs the lines to be correct in placement; but width and other characteristics are shown to make a difference in efficacy not ability (Ch 49) and the medium doesn't matter (Ch 7).
Could you please elaborate on what version of the book you read? If not English, which translation? I ask mostly because the character you are referencing isn't named "Adonis."** That implies you may have read either a draft version or that some things might be off. Also, note that there were problems with that scene (Ch 61) originally, and it was fixed in the 10th Anniversary edition, which is now the canon version
**Note: