I like this theory, as the Shards are meant to symbolize some kind of divine (or unifying) attribute as well as mundane human types.
Searching around I found this mandala painted by Jung that seems kind of familiar?
(source: Carl Jung - Mandala)
This lines up with a picture I made four years ago when it was revealed that the Cosmere logo and the Dawnshard mural follows the same fundamental principles. This division sort of reminds me of your archetype chart, with four more central Shards surrounded by 12 external Shards, three for each central one.