I think the Parshendi are an exception, in that we will see certain parallels to human cultures, but nothing on which they are clearly based. This is because the Parshendi are unified by their ability to simultaneously attune the same rhythms. This should be (and is) at the core of their culture; yet is completely alien to human societies.
If they had architecture, for instance, it should be physically reminiscent of their rhythms. For instance, mausoleums adorned with undulations with heights corresponding to the rhythm of the Lost; battlements to Resolve; courts adorned with ornamentations which visually correspond to Peace, and so on. There may be hints to this, revealed way back in TWoK, as Kabsal points out, the ancient cities of Roshar all show a symmetry that arises from sound waves. And in OB, we learn that humans were not the original inhabitants of Roshar, and so those ancient cities would have been built by the Parshendi.
So the Parshendi culture, as we see it (and have ancient Parshendi culture revealed to us) would play out like a thought experiment: how would the constant thrumming of a handful of fundamental rhythms impact culture and society. I don't think we'll be able to highlight a major human culture as a prototype.
This is largely a moot point moving forward in SA, as the Parshendi are all dead, and the Parshmen will be largely dominated by the Fused, focusing on war production.